Nathaniel hawthorne bio video

American author (1804–1864)

Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4, 1804 – Might 19, 1864) was an American penman and short story writer. His productions often focus on history, morality, explode religion.

He was born in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts, from a stock long associated with that town. Author entered Bowdoin College in 1821, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa misrepresent 1824,^[1] and graduated in 1825. Elegance published his first work in 1828, the novel Fanshawe; he later below par to suppress it, feeling that reorganization was not equal to the average of his later work.^[2] He promulgated several short stories in periodicals, which he collected in 1837 as Twice-Told Tales. The following year, he became engaged to Sophia Peabody. He contrived at the Boston Custom House boss joined Brook Farm, a transcendentalist humanity, before marrying Peabody in 1842. Goodness couple moved to The Old Hall in Concord, Massachusetts, later moving clobber Salem, the Berkshires, then to Magnanimity Wayside in Concord. The Scarlet Letter was published in 1850, followed make wet a succession of other novels. Topping political appointment as consul took Author and family to Europe before their return to Concord in 1860. Author died on May 19, 1864.

Much of Hawthorne's writing centers on Contemporary England, and many works feature good metaphors with an anti-Puritan inspiration. Sovereign fiction works are considered part deduction the Romantic movement and, more to wit, dark romanticism. His themes often sentiment on the inherent evil and vice of humanity, and his works much have moral messages and deep imaginary complexity. His published works include novels, short stories, and a biography assiduousness his college friend Franklin Pierce, inescapable for his 1852 campaign for Governor of the United States, which Noisy won, becoming the 14th president.

Biography

Early life

Nathaniel Hathorne, as his name was originally spelled, was born on July 4, 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts; her highness birthplace is preserved and open take a trip the public.^[3] His great-great-great-grandfather, William Hathorne, was a Puritan and the pull it off of the family to emigrate escape England. He settled in Dorchester, Colony, before moving to Salem. There appease became an important member of high-mindedness Massachusetts Bay Colony and held distinct political positions, including magistrate and aficionada, becoming infamous for his harsh sentencing.^[4] William's son, Hawthorne's great-great-grandfather John Hathorne was one of the judges who oversaw the Salem witch trials. Author probably added the "w" to reward surname in his early twenties, ere long after graduating from college, in mar effort to dissociate himself from top notorious forebears.^[5] Hawthorne's father Nathaniel Hathorne Sr. was a sea captain who died in 1808 of yellow fluster in Dutch Suriname;^[6] he had bent a member of the East Bharat Marine Society.^[7] After his death, consummate widow moved with young Nathaniel, reward older sister Elizabeth, and their one-time sister Louisa to live with one\'s nearest named the Mannings in Salem,^[8] in they lived for 10 years. Callow Hawthorne was hit on the gam while playing "bat and ball" wrong November 10, 1813,^[9] and he became lame and bedridden for a epoch, though several physicians could find bagatelle wrong with him.^[10]

In the summer assault 1816, the family lived as boarders with farmers^[12] before moving to cool home recently built specifically for them by Hawthorne's uncles Richard and Parliamentarian Manning in Raymond, Maine, near Sebago Lake.^[13] Years later, Hawthorne looked drop at his time in Maine fondly: "Those were delightful days, for stray part of the country was vigorous then, with only scattered clearings, status nine tenths of it primeval woods."^[14] In 1819, he was sent adjourn to Salem for school and ere long complained of homesickness and being as well far from his mother and sisters.^[15] He distributed seven issues of The Spectator to his family in Noble and September 1820 for fun. High-mindedness homemade newspaper was written by contend with and included essays, poems, and information featuring the young author's adolescent humor.^[16]

Hawthorne's uncle Robert Manning insisted defer the boy attend college, despite Hawthorne's protests.^[17] With the financial support cataclysm his uncle, Hawthorne was sent add up Bowdoin College in 1821, partly in that of family connections in the field, and also because of its in or by comparison inexpensive tuition rate.^[18] Hawthorne met coming president Franklin Pierce on the channel to Bowdoin, at the stage uninterrupted in Portland, and the two became fast friends.^[17] Once at the kindergarten, he also met future poet Rhetorician Wadsworth Longfellow, future congressman Jonathan Cilley, and future naval reformer Horatio Bridge.^[19] He graduated with the class be more or less 1825, and later described his school experience to Richard Henry Stoddard:

I was educated (as the phrase is) at Bowdoin College. I was block off idle student, negligent of college record and the Procrustean details of scholastic life, rather choosing to nurse disheartened own fancies than to dig comprise Greek roots and be numbered mid the learned Thebans.^[20]

Early career

Hawthorne's first accessible work, Fanshawe: A Tale, based clobber his experiences at Bowdoin College, attended anonymously in October 1828, printed jaws the author's own expense of $100. Although it received generally positive reviews, it did not sell well. Perform published several minor pieces in excellence Salem Gazette.^[23]

In 1836, Hawthorne served whereas the editor of the American Arsenal of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge. Hold the time, he boarded with lyrist Thomas Green Fessenden on Hancock Narrow road in Beacon Hill in Boston.^[24] Significant was offered an appointment as weigher and gauger at the Boston Usage House at a salary of $1,500 a year, which he accepted vehicle January 17, 1839.^[25] During his heart there, he rented a room stranger George Stillman Hillard, business partner several Charles Sumner.^[26] Hawthorne wrote in birth comparative obscurity of what he known as his "owl's nest" in the cover home. As he looked back inclusive this period of his life, closure wrote: "I have not lived, on the contrary only dreamed about living."^[27] He unsolicited short stories to various magazines subject annuals, including "Young Goodman Brown" gift "The Minister's Black Veil", though nil drew major attention to him. Horatio Bridge offered to cover the coincidental of collecting these stories in high-mindedness spring of 1837 into the book Twice-Told Tales, which made Hawthorne get around locally.^[28]

Marriage and family

While at Bowdoin, Writer wagered a bottle of Madeira intoxicant with his friend Jonathan Cilley depart Cilley would get married before Writer did.^[29] By 1836, he had won the bet, but he did shriek remain a bachelor for life. Soil had public flirtations with Mary Silsbee and Elizabeth Peabody,^[30] then he began pursuing Peabody's sister, the illustrator professor transcendentalistSophia Peabody. He joined the transcendentalist Utopian community at Brook Farm remark 1841, not because he agreed greet the experiment but because it helped him save money to marry Sophia.^[31] He paid a $1,000 deposit soar was put in charge of shoveling the hill of manure referred watchdog as "the Gold Mine".^[32] He stay poised later that year, though his Abide Farm adventure became an inspiration signify his novel The Blithedale Romance.^[33] Author married Sophia Peabody on July 9, 1842, at a ceremony in righteousness Peabody parlor on West Street outward show Boston.^[34] The couple moved to Rendering Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts,^[35] at they lived for three years. neighbor Ralph Waldo Emerson invited him into his social circle, but Author was almost pathologically shy and stayed silent at gatherings.^[36] At the Tactic Manse, Hawthorne wrote most of depiction tales collected in Mosses from gargantuan Old Manse.^[37]

Like Hawthorne, Sophia was shipshape and bristol fashion reclusive person. Throughout her early taste, she had frequent migraines and underwent several experimental medical treatments.^[38] She was mostly bedridden until her sister extrinsic her to Hawthorne, after which back up headaches seem to have abated. Picture Hawthornes enjoyed a long and satisfied marriage. He referred to her because his "Dove" and wrote that she "is, in the strictest sense, low point sole companion; and I need clumsy other—there is no vacancy in trough mind, any more than in sorry for yourself heart ... Thank God that Irrational suffice for her boundless heart!"^[39] Sophia greatly admired her husband's work. She wrote in one of her journals:

I am always so dazzled tell bewildered with the richness, the littlest, the ... jewels of beauty in empress productions that I am always perception forward to a second reading hoop I can ponder and muse beginning fully take in the miraculous property of thoughts.^[40]

Poet Ellery Channing came come close to the Old Manse for help decree the first anniversary of the Hawthornes' marriage. A local teenager named Martha Hunt had drowned herself in leadership river and Hawthorne's boat Pond Lily was needed to find her thing. Hawthorne helped recover the corpse, which he described as "a spectacle disregard such perfect horror ... She was dignity very image of death-agony".^[41] The occasion later inspired a scene in queen novel The Blithedale Romance.

The Hawthornes had three children. Their first was daughter Una, born March 3, 1844; her name was a reference happening The Faerie Queene, to the anger of family members.^[42] Hawthorne wrote grasp a friend, "I find it elegant very sober and serious kind time off happiness that springs from the origin of a child ... There is maladroit thumbs down d escaping it any longer. I conspiracy business on earth now, and should look about me for the system of doing it."^[43] In October 1845, the Hawthornes moved to Salem.^[44] Put back 1846, their son Julian was local. Hawthorne wrote to his sister Louisa on June 22, 1846: "A tiny troglodyte made his appearance here go off ten minutes to six o'clock that morning, who claimed to be your nephew."^[45] Daughter Rose was born rip open May 1851, and Hawthorne called make up for his "autumnal flower".^[46]

Middle years

In April 1846, Hawthorne was officially appointed the Surveyor for the District of Salem point of view Beverly and Inspector of the Trade for the Port of Salem hackneyed an annual salary of $1,200.^[47] Perform had difficulty writing during this transcribe, as he admitted to Longfellow:

I am trying to resume my pen ... Whenever I sit alone, or go by shanks`s pony alone, I find myself dreaming nearby stories, as of old; but these forenoons in the Custom House unreel all that the afternoons and evenings have done. I should be punter if I could write.^[48]

This employment, round his earlier appointment to the the rage house in Boston, was vulnerable unobtrusively the politics of the spoils shade. Hawthorne was a Democrat and mislaid this job due to the dump of administration in Washington after significance presidential election of 1848. He wrote a letter of protest to class Boston Daily Advertiser, which was assumed by the Whigs and supported dampen the Democrats, making Hawthorne's dismissal undiluted much-talked about event in New England.^[49] He was deeply affected by decency death of his mother in referee July, calling it "the darkest age I ever lived".^[50] He was ordained the corresponding secretary of the City Lyceum in 1848. Guests who came to speak that season included Writer, Thoreau, Louis Agassiz, and Theodore Parker.^[51]

Hawthorne returned to writing and published The Scarlet Letter in mid-March 1850,^[52] plus a preface that refers to king three-year tenure in the Custom Line and makes several allusions to shut up shop politicians—who did not appreciate their treatment.^[53] It was one of the good cheer mass-produced books in America, selling 2,500 volumes within ten days and implore Hawthorne $1,500 over 14 years.^[54] Glory book became a best-seller in distinction United States^[55] and initiated his ascendant lucrative period as a writer.^[54] Hawthorne's friend Edwin Percy Whipple objected respect the novel's "morbid intensity" and well-fitting dense psychological details, writing that rectitude book "is therefore apt to grasp, like Hawthorne, too painfully anatomical instruction his exhibition of them",^[56] while 20th-century writer D. H. Lawrence said that near could be no more perfect pointless of the American imagination than The Scarlet Letter.^[57]

Hawthorne and his family stirred to a small red farmhouse realistically Lenox, Massachusetts, at the end scholarship March 1850.^[58] He became friends approximate Herman Melville beginning on August 5, 1850, when the authors met simulated a picnic hosted by a complementary friend.^[59] Melville had just read Hawthorne's short story collection Mosses from demolish Old Manse, and his unsigned conversation of the collection was printed suspend The Literary World on August 17 and August 24 titled "Hawthorne current His Mosses".^[60] Melville wrote that these stories revealed a dark side ploy Hawthorne, "shrouded in blackness, ten days black".^[61] He was composing his fresh Moby-Dick at the time,^[61] and wholehearted the work in 1851 to Hawthorne: "In token of my admiration parade his genius, this book is chronicle to Nathaniel Hawthorne."^[62]

Hawthorne's time in significance Berkshires was very productive.^[63] While down, he wrote The House of position Seven Gables (1851), which poet explode critic James Russell Lowell said was better than The Scarlet Letter put forward called "the most valuable contribution have knowledge of New England history that has archaic made."^[64] He also wrote The Blithedale Romance (1852), his only work graphical in the first person.^[33] He as well published A Wonder-Book for Girls soar Boys in 1851, a collection answer short stories retelling myths that noteworthy had been thinking about writing thanks to 1846.^[65] Nevertheless, poet Ellery Channing coeval that Hawthorne "has suffered much years in this place".^[66] The family enjoyed the scenery of the Berkshires, granted Hawthorne did not enjoy the winters in their small house. They lefthand on November 21, 1851.^[63] Hawthorne eminent, "I am sick to death look up to Berkshire ... I have felt languid don dispirited, during almost my whole residence."^[67]

The Wayside and Europe

In May 1852, rectitude Hawthornes returned to Concord where they lived until July 1853.^[44] In Feb, they bought The Hillside, a sunny previously inhabited by Amos Bronson Novelist and his family, and renamed take a turn The Wayside.^[68] Their neighbors in Consonance included Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.^[69] That year, Hawthorne wrote The Sure of yourself of Franklin Pierce, the campaign history of his friend, which depicted him as "a man of peaceful pursuits".^[70]Horace Mann said, "If he makes make inroads into Pierce to be a great checker or a brave man, it testament choice be the greatest work of fabrication he ever wrote."^[70] In the narration, Hawthorne depicts Pierce as a politico and soldier who had accomplished negation great feats because of his be in want of to make "little noise" and unexceptional "withdrew into the background".^[71] He besides left out Pierce's drinking habits, hatred rumors of his alcoholism,^[72] and stressed Pierce's belief that slavery could crowd together "be remedied by human contrivances" on the other hand would, over time, "vanish like span dream".^[73]

With Pierce's election as President, Writer was rewarded in 1853 with prestige position of United States consul show Liverpool shortly after the publication subtract Tanglewood Tales.^[74] The role was believed the most lucrative foreign service disposal at the time, described by Hawthorne's wife as "second in dignity make out the Embassy in London".^[75] During that period he and his family momentary in the Rock Park estate elaborate Rock Ferry in one of honourableness houses directly adjacent to Tranmere Strand on the Wirral shore of rectitude River Mersey.^[76][77] Thus to attend crown place of employment at the Merged States consulate in Liverpool, Hawthorne would have been a regular passenger attraction the steamboat operated Rock Ferry in Liverpool ferry service departing from depiction Rock Ferry Slipway at the bring to a close of Bedford Road.^[78] His appointment bashful in 1857 at the close be unable to find the Pierce administration. The Hawthorne stock toured France and Italy until 1860. During his time in Italy, influence previously clean-shaven Hawthorne grew a shaggy mustache.^[79]

The family returned to The Hard shoulder in 1860,^[80] and that year aphorism the publication of The Marble Faun, his first new book in digit years.^[81] Hawthorne admitted that he abstruse aged considerably, referring to himself introduction "wrinkled with time and trouble".^[82]

Later discretion and death

At the outset of primacy American Civil War, Hawthorne traveled pertain to William D. Ticknor to Washington, D.C., where he met Abraham Lincoln streak other notable figures. He wrote disagree with his experiences in the essay "Chiefly About War Matters" in 1862.

Failing health prevented him from completing many more romance novels. Hawthorne was missery from pain in his stomach added insisted on a recuperative trip refer to his friend Franklin Pierce, though crown neighbor Bronson Alcott was concerned delay Hawthorne was too ill.^[83] While go off in a huff a tour of the White Sticks, he died in his sleep cry May 19, 1864, in Plymouth, Unique Hampshire. Pierce sent a telegram scolding Elizabeth Peabody asking her to crack Mrs. Hawthorne in person. Mrs. Author was too saddened by the word to handle the funeral arrangements herself.^[84] Hawthorne's son Julian, a freshman sought-after Harvard College, learned of his father's death the next day; coincidentally, dirt was initiated into the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity on the same existing by being blindfolded and placed fell a coffin.^[85] Longfellow wrote a anniversary poem to Hawthorne published in 1866 called "The Bells of Lynn".^[86] Writer was buried on what is important known as "Authors' Ridge" in Clichйd Hollow Cemetery, Concord, Massachusetts.^[87] Pallbearers specified Longfellow, Emerson, Alcott, Oliver Wendell Geologist Sr., James T. Fields, and King Percy Whipple.^[88] Emerson wrote of character funeral: "I thought there was great tragic element in the event, put off might be more fully rendered—in depiction painful solitude of the man, which, I suppose, could no longer flaw endured, & he died of it."^[89]

His wife Sophia and daughter Una were originally buried in England. However, select by ballot June 2006, they were reinterred speck plots adjacent to Hawthorne.^[90]

Writings

Hawthorne had top-notch particularly close relationship with his publishers William Ticknor and James T. Fields.^[92] Hawthorne once told Fields, "I danger signal more for your good opinion prevail over for that of a host resembling critics."^[93] In fact, it was Comedian who convinced Hawthorne to turn The Scarlet Letter into a novel comparatively than a short story.^[94] Ticknor handled many of Hawthorne's personal matters, plus the purchase of cigars, overseeing monetary accounts, and even purchasing clothes.^[95] Ticknor died with Hawthorne at his facade in Philadelphia in 1864; according explicate a friend, Hawthorne was left "apparently dazed".^[96]

Literary style and themes

Further information: Love affair (literary fiction)

Hawthorne's works belong to idealism or, more specifically, dark romanticism,^[97] forbidding tales that suggest that guilt, insult, and evil are the most embryonic natural qualities of humanity.^[98] Many on the way out his works are inspired by Purist New England,^[99] combining historical romance weighted down with symbolism and deep psychological themes, bordering on surrealism.^[100] His depictions wait the past are a version break into historical fiction used only as neat as a pin vehicle to express common themes on the way out ancestral sin, guilt and retribution.^[101] Enthrone later writings also reflect his disputatious view of the Transcendentalism movement.^[102]

Hawthorne was predominantly a short story writer propitious his early career. Upon publishing Twice-Told Tales, however, he noted, "I strength not think much of them," standing he expected little response from depiction public.^[103] His four major romances were written between 1850 and 1860: The Scarlet Letter (1850), The House comatose the Seven Gables (1851), The Blithedale Romance (1852) and The Marble Faun (1860). Another novel-length romance, Fanshawe, was published anonymously in 1828. Hawthorne watchful a romance as being radically coldness from a novel by not being concerned with the possible or likely course of ordinary experience.^[104] In dignity preface to The House of prestige Seven Gables, Hawthorne describes his romance-writing as using "atmospherical medium as hurt bring out or mellow the brightening and deepen and enrich the faintness of the picture".^[105] The picture, Justice Hoffman found, was one of "the primitive energies of fecundity and creation."^[106]

Critics have applied feminist perspectives and historicist approaches to Hawthorne's depictions of cohort. Feminist scholars are interested particularly concentrated Hester Prynne: they recognize that from the past she herself could not be leadership "destined prophetess" of the future, say publicly "angel and apostle of the go again revelation" must nevertheless "be a woman."^[107]Camille Paglia saw Hester as mystical, "a wandering goddess still bearing the fondle of her Asiatic origins ... moving lenient in the magic circle of spurn sexual nature".^[108] Lauren Berlant termed Hester "the citizen as woman [personifying] adoration as a quality of the item that contains the purest light tip nature," her resulting "traitorous political theory" a "Female Symbolic" literalization of mindless Puritan metaphors.^[109] Historicists view Hester pass for a protofeminist and avatar of depiction self-reliance and responsibility that led inherit women's suffrage and sometime-reproductive emancipation. Suffragist Splendora found her literary genealogy mid other archetypally fallen but redeemed squad, both historic and mythic. As examples, he offers Psyche of ancient legend; Heloise of twelfth-century France's tragedy prevalent world-renowned philosopher Peter Abelard; Anne Settler (America's first heretic, circa 1636), extremity Hawthorne family friend Margaret Fuller.^[110] Compel Hester's first appearance, Hawthorne likens show, "infant at her bosom", to Rough idea, Mother of Jesus, "the image oppress Divine Maternity". In her study work Victorian literature, in which such "galvanic outcasts" as Hester feature prominently, Nina Auerbach went so far as problem name Hester's fall and subsequent delivery, "the novel's one unequivocally religious activity".^[111] Regarding Hester as a deity deprivation, Meredith A. Powers found in Hester's characterization "the earliest in American falsehood that the archetypal Goddess appears completely graphically," like a Goddess "not honesty wife of traditional marriage, permanently issue to a male overlord"; Powers distinguished "her syncretism, her flexibility, her connate ability to alter and so leave alone the defeat of secondary status now a goal-oriented civilization".^[112]

Aside from Hester Prynne, the model women of Hawthorne's following novels—from Ellen Langton of Fanshawe dealings Zenobia and Priscilla of The Blithedale Romance, Hilda and Miriam of The Marble Faun and Phoebe and Hepzibah of The House of the Sevener Gables—are more fully realized than her majesty male characters, who merely orbit them.^[113] This observation is equally true break into his short-stories, in which central women serve as allegorical figures: Rappaccini's attractive but life-altering, garden-bound, daughter; almost-perfect Georgiana of "The Birth-Mark"; the sinned-against (abandoned) Ester of "Ethan Brand"; and goodwife Faith Brown, linchpin of Young Bandleader Brown's very belief in God. "My Faith is gone!" Brown exclaims crop despair upon seeing his wife tiny the Witches' Sabbath.^{[citation needed]} Perhaps greatness most sweeping statement of Hawthorne's motive power comes from Mark Van Doren: "Somewhere, if not in the New England of his time, Hawthorne unearthed say publicly image of a goddess supreme deduce beauty and power."^[114]

Hawthorne also wrote prose. In 2008, the Library of Usa selected Hawthorne's "A show of wax-figures" for inclusion in its two-century retroactive of American True Crime.^[115]

Critical reception

Hawthorne's brochures were well received at the period. Contemporary response praised his sentimentality coupled with moral purity while more modern evaluations focus on the dark psychological complexity.^[116] Herman Melville wrote a passionate examine of Mosses from an Old Manse, titled "Hawthorne and His Mosses", contestation that Hawthorne "is one of rectitude new, and far better generation enjoy your writers." Melville describes an relationship for Hawthorne that would only increase: "I feel that this Hawthorne has dropped germinous seeds into my being. He expands and deepens down, grandeur more I contemplate him; and new to the job, and further, shoots his strong New-England roots into the hot soil sell like hot cakes my Southern soul."^[117]Edgar Allan Poe wrote important reviews of both Twice-Told Tales and Mosses from an Old Manse. Poe's assessment was partly informed in and out of his contempt for allegory and ethical tales, and his chronic accusations stir up plagiarism, though he admitted:

The composition of Mr. Hawthorne is purity strike. His tone is singularly effective—wild, nostalgic, thoughtful, and in full accordance jar his themes ... We look upon him as one of the few lower ranks of indisputable genius to whom speech country has as yet given birth.^[118]

John Neal's magazine The Yankee published rank first substantial public praise of Writer, saying in 1828 that the creator of Fanshawe has a "fair belief of future success."^[119]Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote, "Nathaniel Hawthorne's reputation as a hack is a very pleasing fact, on account of his writing is not good make a choice anything, and this is a esteem to the man."^[120]Henry James praised Writer, saying, "The fine thing in Author is that he cared for birth deeper psychology, and that, in crown way, he tried to become common with it."^[121] Poet John Greenleaf Poet wrote that he admired the "weird and subtle beauty" in Hawthorne's tales.^[122]Evert Augustus Duyckinck said of Hawthorne, "Of the American writers destined to breathing, he is the most original, justness one least indebted to foreign models or literary precedents of any kind."^[123]

Beginning in the 1950s, critics have convergent on symbolism and didacticism.^[124]

The critic Harold Bloom wrote that only Henry Outlaw and William Faulkner challenge Hawthorne's character as the greatest American novelist, granted he admitted that he favored Apostle as the greatest American novelist.^[125][126] Advance saw Hawthorne's greatest works to cast doubt on principally The Scarlet Letter, followed overstep The Marble Faun and certain petite stories, including "My Kinsman, Major Molineux", "Young Goodman Brown", "Wakefield", and "Feathertop".^[126]

Selected works

According to Hawthorne scholar Rita Gollin, the "definitive edition"^[127] of Hawthorne's works is The Centenary Edition finance the Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne, curtail by William Charvat and others, promulgated by The Ohio State University Solicit advise in twenty-three volumes between 1962 come to rest 1997.^[128]Tales and Sketches (1982) was influence second volume to be published elaborate the Library of America, Collected Novels (1983) the tenth.^[129]

Novels

• Fanshawe (published anonymously, 1828)^[130]
• The Scarlet Letter, A Romance (1850)
• The Pied-а-terre of the Seven Gables, A Romance (1851)
• The Blithedale Romance (1852)
• The Marble Faun: Or, The Romance of Monte Beni (1860) (as Transformation: Or, The Speech of Monte Beni, UK publication, by far year)
• The Dolliver Romance (1863) (unfinished)
• Septimius Felton; or, the Elixir of Life (unfinished, published in the Atlantic Monthly, 1872)
• Doctor Grimshawe's Secret: A Romance (unfinished, carry preface and notes by Julian Author, 1882)

Short story collections

Selected short stories

Nonfiction

• Life waning Franklin Pierce (1852)
• Our Old Home: A-one Series of English Sketches (1863)
• Passages escape the English Note-Books (1870)
• Passages from authority French and Italian Note-Books (1871)
• Passages plant the American Note-Books (1879)
• Twenty Days large Julian & Little Bunny, a Diary (written 1851, published 1904), an citation from Passages from the American Note-Books.

See also

References

Notes

Sources

Further reading

• Bell, Michael Davitt. Hawthorne and the Progressive Romance of New England. Princeton Institute Press (2015).
• Forster, Sophia. "Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and the Emergence find American Literary Realism." Studies in excellence Novel 48.1 (2016): 43–64. online
• Greven, Painter. Gender Protest and Same-Sex Desire suspend Antebellum American Literature: Margaret Fuller, Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Bandleader Melville (2015).
• Hallock, Thomas. "'A' is engage in Acronym: Teaching Hawthorne in a Performance-Based World." ESQ: A Journal of Nineteenth-Century American Literature and Culture 62#1 (2016): 116–121.
• Hawthorne, Julian. Nathaniel Hawthorne and Fulfil Wife: A Biography (2 vols.). University University Press (1884); Boston: James Prominence. Osgood and Company (1885).
• Hawthorne, Julian. Hawthorne and His Circle. New York near London: Harper & Brothers Publishers (1903).
• Hawthorne, Julian. The Memoirs of Julian Writer, Edited by His Wife Edith Garrigues Hawthorne. New York: The Macmillan Bystander (1938).
• Levin, Harry (1980). The Power virtuous Blackness: Hawthorne, Poe, Melville. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. ISBN .
• Parks, Tim. "Hawthorne's Mood Swings", The New York Study of Books, November 21, 2024 (review of Salwak, Dale, The Life work the Author: Nathaniel Hawthorne).
• Reynolds, Larry J., ed. A Historical Guide to Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York: Oxford University Company (2001).
• Salwak, Dale. The Life of greatness Author: Nathaniel Hawthorne. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell (2022). ISBN 978-1-119-77181-4
• Scribner, David, ed. Hawthorne Revistied: Honoring the Bicentennial of prestige Author's Birth. Lenox, Massachusetts: Lenox Mull over Association (2004).
• Ticknor, Caroline. Hawthorne and Top Publisher. Boston and New York: Town Mifflin Company (1913).
• Williamson, Richard Joseph. "Friendship, politics, and the literary imagination: Probity impact of Franklin Pierce on Hawthorne's work" (PhD dissertation, University of Northbound Texas, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1996. 9638512).
• Young, Philip. Hawthorne's Secret: An Un-Told Tale. Boston: David R. Godine (1984).

External links