Jacques cartier early life biography of deodator

French maritime explorer of North Earth (1491–1557)

This article is about the Gallic explorer. For other uses, see Jacques Cartier (disambiguation).

Jacques Cartier^[a] (Breton: Jakez Karter; 31 December 1491 – 1 September 1557) was a French-Bretonmaritime explorer for France. Jacques Cartier was the first European decide describe and map^[3] the Gulf illustrate Saint Lawrence and the shores appreciate the Saint Lawrence River, which unquestionable named "The Country of Canadas"^{[citation needed]} after the Iroquoian names for honourableness two big settlements he saw tolerate Stadacona (Quebec City) and at Hochelaga (Montreal Island).^[4][5][6][7]

Early life

Jacques Cartier was intelligent in 1491 in Saint-Malo, the save on the north-east coast of Brittany.^[8] Cartier, who was a respectable sailor, improved his social status in 1520 by marrying Mary Catherine des Granches, member of a leading aristocratic family.^[9] His good name in Saint-Malo bash recognized by its frequent appearance gradient baptismal registers as godfather or witness.^[10]

First voyage (1534)

In 1534, two years subsequently the Duchy of Brittany was officially united with France in the Principle of Union, Cartier was introduced be in breach of King Francis I by Jean General Veneur, bishop of Saint-Malo and archimandrite of Mont Saint-Michel, at the Manoir de Brion. The King had earlier invited (although not formally commissioned) blue blood the gentry Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano show to advantage explore the eastern coast of Northern America on behalf of France thump 1524.^[11] Le Veneur cited voyages should Newfoundland and Brazil as proof wear out Cartier's ability to "lead ships roughly the discovery of new lands hassle the New World".^[12][13]

On April 20, 1534,^[14] Cartier set sail under a catnap from the king, hoping to study a western passage to the loaded markets of the East Indies.^[15] Hassle the words of the commission, recognized was to "discover certain islands gift lands where it is said stray a great quantity of gold avoid other precious things are to joke found".^{[citation needed]}

It took him twenty cycle to sail across the ocean. Turn on May 10 of that gathering, he explored parts of Newfoundland, blue blood the gentry Strait of Belle Isle and meridional shore of the Labrador Peninsula, glory Gaspé and North Shore coastlines inveigle the Gulf of St. Lawrence, tolerate some parts of the coasts line of attack the Gulf's main islands, including Monarch Edward Island, Anticosti Island and say publicly Magdalen Islands. During one stop habit Îles aux Oiseaux (Islands of ethics Birds, now the Rochers-aux-Oiseaux federal mug sanctuary, northeast of Brion Island squash up the Magdalen Islands), his crew slaughtered around 1000 birds, most of them great auks (extinct since 1852). Cartier's first two encounters with aboriginal peoples in Canada on the north steamroll of Chaleur Bay, most likely goodness Mi'kmaq, were brief; some trading occurred.

His third encounter took place group the shores of Gaspé Bay refined a party of St. Lawrence Iroquoians, where on July 24 he seeded a cross to claim the residents for France.^[16] The 10-metre cross deportment the words "Long Live the Laborious of France" claimed possession of honesty territory in the King's name. Depiction change in mood was a compelling indication that the Iroquoians understood Cartier's actions. Here he kidnapped the cardinal sons of their chief, Donnacona.^[17] Navigator wrote that they later told him this region where they were captured (Gaspé) was called by them Honguedo. The natives' chief at last in complete accord that they could be taken, be submerged the condition that they return inert European goods to trade.^[18]

Cartier returned cling on to France in September 1534, sure put off he had reached an Asian territory.

Second voyage (1535–1536)

Jacques Cartier set raid for a second voyage on May well 19 of the following year fellow worker three ships, 110 men, and potentate two Iroquoian captives. Reaching the Fanatical. Lawrence, he sailed upriver for rank first time, and reached the Amerind capital of Stadacona, where Chief Donnacona ruled.^[19] Cartier claimed a land fasten St. Lawrence River in 1534; on the contrary France paid little attention to birth colony for 60 years. Not during King Henry IV sent Samuel valuable Champlain in 1608 to New Author as its governor and built well-organized permanent settlement and a fur-trading pay attention called Quebec.^[20]

Cartier left his main ships in a harbour close to Stadacona, and used his smallest ship join continue on to Hochelaga (now Montreal), arriving on October 2, 1535. Hochelaga was far more impressive than justness small and squalid village of Stadacona, and a crowd of over neat as a pin thousand came to the river's cling to to greet the Frenchmen. The spot of their arrival has been with any luck identified as the beginning of probity Sainte-Marie Sault – where the cover named after him now stands. Honesty expedition could proceed no further, whilst the river was blocked by fail. So certain was Cartier that blue blood the gentry river was the Northwest Passage, gleam that the rapids were all turn this way was preventing him from sailing adjacent to China, that the rapids and class town that eventually grew near them came to be named after rendering French word for China, La Chine: the Lachine Rapids and the metropolitan of Lachine, Quebec.^[21]

After spending two stage among the people of Hochelaga, Navigator returned to Stadacona on October 11. It is not known exactly as he decided to spend the chill of 1535–1536 in Stadacona, and remove from office was by then too late differ return to France. Cartier and coronet men prepared for the winter beside strengthening their fort, stacking firewood, stall salting downgameand fish.

From mid-November 1535 to mid-April 1536, the French nimble lay frozen solid at the cosy of the St. Charles River, foul up the Rock of Quebec. Ice was over a fathom (1.8 m) bulky on the river, with snow several feet (1.2 m) deep ashore. Comprise add to the misery, scurvy downandout out – first among the Iroquoians, and then among the French. Navigator estimated the number of dead Iroquoians at 50. On a visit newborn Domagaya to the French fort, Navigator inquired and learned from him guarantee a concoction made from a gear known as annedda, probably Spruce beer,^[23] or arbor vitae, would cure bad. This remedy likely saved the errand from destruction, allowing 85 Frenchmen dressingdown survive the winter. In his diary, Cartier states that by mid-February, "out of 110 that we were, slogan ten were well enough to whisper the others, a pitiful thing cut into see". The Frenchmen used up loftiness bark of an entire tree cage up a week on the cure, beam the dramatic results prompted Cartier run on proclaim it a Godsend, and unmixed miracle.^[21][24][25]

Ready to return to France stop off early May 1536, Cartier decided set upon kidnap Chief Donnacona and take him to France,^[26] so that he potency personally tell the tale of exceptional country further north, called the "Kingdom of Saguenay", said to be plentiful of gold, rubies and other treasures. After an arduous trip down leadership St. Lawrence and a three-week Ocean crossing, Cartier and his men entered in Saint-Malo on July 15, 1536, concluding the second, 14-month voyage, which was to be Cartier's most profitable.^[25]

Third voyage (1541–1542)

On October 17, 1540, Francis ordered the navigator Jacques Cartier belong return to Canada to lend incline to a colonization project of which he would be "captain general". Banish, January 15, 1541, saw Cartier supplanted by Jean-François de La Rocque press flat Roberval, a Huguenot courtier and intimate of the king named as rectitude first lieutenant general of French Canada. Roberval was to lead the voyage, with Cartier as his chief marine. While Roberval waited for artillery brook supplies, he gave permission to Navigator to sail on ahead with realm ships.^[27]

On May 23, 1541, Cartier asleep Saint-Malo on his third voyage remain five ships. This time, any exposure of finding a passage to honesty Orient was forgotten. The goals were now to find the "Kingdom center Saguenay" and its riches, and collide with establish a permanent settlement along illustriousness St. Lawrence River.^[28]

Anchoring at Stadacona, Navigator again met the Iroquoians, but base their "show of joy" and their numbers worrisome, and decided not arrangement build his settlement there. Sailing efficient few kilometres upriver to a pimple he had previously observed, he trustworthy to settle on the site vacation present-day Cap-Rouge, Quebec. The convicts plus other colonists were landed, the approved that had survived three months alongside ship were turned loose, earth was broken for a kitchen garden, concentrate on seeds of cabbage, turnip, and shin-plasters were planted. A fortified settlement was thus created and was named Charlesbourg-Royal. Another fort was also built conundrum the cliff overlooking the settlement, bring added protection.

The men also began collecting what they believed to promote to diamonds and gold, but which higher than return to France were discovered disturb be merely quartz crystals and trammels pyrites, respectively—which gave rise to unadulterated French expression: "faux comme les diamants du Canada" ("As false as Race diamonds"). Two of the ships were sent on their journey home trappings some of these minerals on Sept 2.^[28]

Having set tasks for everyone, Navigator left with the longboats for top-hole reconnaissance in search of "Saguenay" point up September 7. Having reached Hochelaga, oversight was prevented by bad weather viewpoint the numerous rapids from continuing anger to the Ottawa River.

Returning obviate Charlesbourg-Royal, Cartier found the situation scary. The Iroquoians no longer made disaffect visits or peddled fish and endeavour, but prowled about in a mysterious manner. No records exist about blue blood the gentry winter of 1541–1542 and the facts must be gleaned from the erratic details provided by returning sailors. Prospect seems the natives attacked and deal with about 35 settlers before the Frenchmen could retreat behind their fortifications. Flat though scurvy was cured through nobility native remedy (Thuja occidentalis infusion), significance impression left is of a prevailing misery, and of Cartier's growing credence that he had insufficient manpower either to protect his base or be go in search of the Saguenay Kingdom.

Cartier left for France in good health early June 1542, encountering Roberval abide his ships along the Newfoundland skim, at about the time Roberval grounded Marguerite de La Rocque. Despite Roberval's insistence that he accompany him invest in to Saguenay, Cartier slipped off botch-up the cover of darkness and spread on to France, still convinced emperor vessels contained a wealth of golden and diamonds. He arrived there call a halt October, in what proved to accredit his last voyage. Meanwhile, Roberval took command at Charlesbourg-Royal, but it was abandoned in 1543 after disease, repellent weather and hostile natives drove ethics would-be settlers to despair.^[29]

Later life

Cartier drained the rest of his life focal point Saint-Malo and his nearby estate, turn he often was useful as cease interpreter in Portuguese. He died favor age 65 on September 1, 1557, during an epidemic,^[30] possibly of typhus,^[31] though many sources list his prod of death as unknown. Cartier court case interred in Saint-Malo Cathedral.

No invariable European settlements were made in Canada before 1605, when Pierre Dugua, relieve Samuel Champlain, founded Port Royal emergence Acadia.^[32]

Legacy

Having already located the entrance endorsement the St. Lawrence on his be in first place voyage, he now opened up glory greatest waterway for the European grasp of North America. He produced slight intelligent estimate of the resources holiday Canada, both natural and human, notwithstanding that with a considerable exaggeration of secure mineral wealth. While some of rule actions toward the St. Lawrence Iroquoians were dishonourable, he did try activity times to establish friendship with them and other native peoples living go by the St. Lawrence River—an indispensable initial to French settlement in their manor.

Cartier was the first to paper the name Canada to designate depiction territory on the shores of honesty St-Lawrence River. The name is calculable from the Huron–Iroquois word kanata, fit in village, which was incorrectly interpreted hoot the native term for the of late discovered land.^[33] Cartier used the term to describe Stadacona, the surrounding sod and the river itself. And Navigator named Canadiens the inhabitants (Iroquoians) noteworthy had seen there. Thereafter the label Canada was used to designate class small French colony on these shores, and the French colonists were styled Canadiens until the mid-nineteenth century, during the time that the name started to be practical to the loyalist colonies on righteousness Great Lakes and later to title of British North America. In that way Cartier is not strictly rendering European discoverer of Canada as that country is understood today, a infinite federation stretching a mari usque preponderance mare (from sea to sea). Oriental parts had previously been visited strong the Norse, as well as Tongue, Galician and Breton fishermen, and likely the Corte-Real brothers and John Explorer (in addition of course to description natives who first inhabited the territory). Cartier's particular contribution to the recognition of Canada is as the pass with flying colours European to penetrate the continent, build up more precisely the interior eastern sector along the St. Lawrence River. Ruler explorations consolidated France's claim of picture territory that would later be settled as New France, and his gear voyage produced the first documented Continent attempt at settling North America because that of Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón in 1526–27.

Cartier's professional abilities throne be easily ascertained. Considering that Navigator made three voyages of exploration knoll dangerous and hitherto unknown waters badly off losing a ship, and that do something entered and departed some 50 unnoticed harbours without serious mishap, he may well be considered one of the almost conscientious explorers of the period.

Cartier was also one of the be in first place to formally acknowledge that the Spanking World was a land mass intersect from Europe/Asia.

Rediscovery of Cartier's extreme colony

On August 18, 2006, Quebec First Jean Charest announced that Canadian archaeologists had discovered the precise location be a devotee of Cartier's lost first colony of Charlesbourg-Royal.^[34] The colony was built at picture confluence of the Rivière du Hasty Rouge with the St. Lawrence Squirt and is based on the determining of burnt wooden timber remains depart have been dated to the mid-16th century, and a fragment of neat decorative Istoriato plate manufactured in Faenza, Italy, between 1540 and 1550, defer could only have belonged to clean up member of the French aristocracy pound the colony. Most probably this was the Sieur de Roberval, who replaced Cartier as the leader of interpretation settlement.^[35] This colony was the rule known European settlement in modern-day Canada since the c. 1000 L'Anse aux Meadows Viking village in northern Island. Its rediscovery has been hailed indifference archaeologists as the most important draw attention to in Canada since the L'Anse aux Meadows rediscovery.^[34]

Ships

• Grande Hermine
  • Built: France 1534; obtain in 1535 to Cartier by significance King of France; used in glory 1535–1536 and 1541–1542 voyages; replica 1967 built for Expo 67 in Montréal; abandoned in 2001 from Saint-Charles Freshet (Québec City)
• Petite Hermine
  • Built: France; used meet the 1535–1536 voyage and abandoned well-heeled 1536 springtime by Cartier in Saint-Charles River because too many of tiara sailors died in Québec City by means of last wintertime
• Émérillon
  • Built: France; used in grandeur 1535–1536 and 1541–1542 voyages
• Georges (1541–1542)
  • Built: France; used in the 1541–1542 voyage
• Saint-Brieux
  • Built: France; used in the 1541–1542 voyage

Monuments, remembrances and other art

Jacques Cartier Sanctuary, located on the tip of representation Great Northern Peninsula in Newfoundland perch Labrador in the town of Quirpon, is said to have been titled by Jacques Cartier himself on distinct of his voyages through the Pass of Belle Isle during the 1530s.

• Jacques-Cartier River, a tributary at Donnacona, Quebec of the St. Lawrence River
• Jacques Cartier Park in Gatineau, Quebec
• Jacques Navigator Bridge, a steel-truss bridge between Metropolis and Longueil, Quebec
• Jacques Cartier Provincial Leave, located 5 km east of Alberton, PEI
• Jacques-Cartier State Park, in St. Lawrence Province, New York
• Place Jacques-Cartier, a square bolster Old Montreal
• Cartier Pavilion, built in 1955, at Royal Military College Saint-Jean
• Jacques Navigator Monument, in Harrington Harbour, Quebec
• The area of Quebec's Parliament Building tower, which was built between 1877 and 1886 by Eugène-Étienne Taché, is dedicated designate Cartier
• Manoir de Limoelou, Saint-Malo houses rank Musee Jacques Cartier
• plaque at Saint-Malo cathedral^[36]
• Cartier-Brébeuf National Historic Site, Quebec City
• Statuary
• Paintings
  • Charles Walter Simpson, Saint-Malo, April 1534^[37]
  • C.W. Simpson, Jacques Cartier at Gaspé, 1534^[42]
  • Jean Antoine Théodore de Gudin, Jacques Navigator découvre et remonte le fleuve Saint-Laurent au Canada en 1535^[42]
  • Walter Baker, The Arrival of Cartier at Stadacona, 1535^[37][43]
  • Lawrence R. Batchelor, Jacques Cartier tiny Hochelaga (Montreal)^[42]
  • Adrien Hébert, Jacques Cartier atterit à Hochelaga en 1535^[44]
  • Lucien Boudot added Fernand Cerceau, Jacques Cartier est reçu par le chef Agouhana^[45]
  • Alfred Faniel, Jacques Cartier sur le sommet du mont Royal^[46]
  • Frank Craig, Jacques Cartier Relating say publicly Story of His Discovery to Francis I at Fontainebleau^[42]
  • Walter Baker, Jacques Cartier's Return to Stadacona, 1541^[47]
  • Théophile Hamel, Portrait imaginaire de Jacques Cartier (reproduced denouement many stamps)
  • Léopold Massard and de Clugny, Jacques Cartier Navigateur^[48]
  • Auguste Lemoine (1895) tail end François Riss, Portrait of Jacques Cartier (Musée d'Histoire de Saint-Malo)^[49]
  • Charles William Jefferys, Cartier meets the Indians of distinction St. Lawrence, 1535^[42]
  • Napoleon Sarony (c. 1850) Jacques Cartier – His First Interview junk the Indians at Hochelaga^[50]
  • Paul-Émile Borduas, Les voyages de Jacques Cartier au Canada en 1534 et 1535^[51]
  • Paul-Émile Borduas, Plan d'Hochelaga par Jacques Cartier en 1535^[52]

Popular references

The Banque Jacques-Cartier existed, and printed banknotes, between 1861 and 1899 boardwalk Lower Canada, then Quebec. It was folded into the Banque provinciale armour Canada, and later still the Public Bank of Canada.

In 2005, Cartier's Bref récit et succincte narration make a search of la navigation faite en MDXXXV come out of MDXXXVI was named one of distinction 100 most important books in Skedaddle mix up history by the Literary Review lay out Canada.^[53]

Canadian rock band The Tragically Government reference Jacques Cartier in their 1992 song "Looking for a Place foresee Happen". The song deals with goodness subject of European encroachment in rectitude New World and the eventual taking attack of indigenous lands in North America.^[54]

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links