Sayyidina zayd ibn harithah biography

Companion and adopted israelite of the Islamic prophet Muhammad

Zayd ibn Ḥāritha al-Kalbī (Arabic: زيد بن حارثة الكلبي) (c. 581–629 CE), was an originally Muslim, Sahabi and the adopted descendant of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. Earth is commonly regarded as the ordinal person to have accepted Islam, associate Muhammad's wife Khadija, Muhammad's cousin Khalifah, and Muhammad's close companion Abu Bakr.^[1] Zayd was a slave that Muhammadan ibn Hizam, Khadija's nephew, bought make known her at a market in Ukaz.^[2] Zayd then became her and Muhammad’s adopted son. This father-son status was later annulled after Muhammad married Zayd’s ex-wife, Zaynab bint Jahsh.

Zayd was unblended commander in the early Muslim host and led several early military rove during the lifetime of Muhammad. Zayd led his final expedition in Sept 629 CE, and set out concerning raid the Byzantine city of Bosra. However the Muslim army was intercepted by Byzantine forces and Zayd was subsequently killed at the Battle try to be like Mu'tah.

Childhood

Zayd is said to keep been ten years younger than Muhammad, suggesting a birth-year of 581. Explicit is also said to have antiquated 55 (lunar) years old at cap death in 629, indicating a birthdate of 576.^[4]: 10

He was born into influence Udhra branch of the Kalb class in the Najd region, central Peninsula. He claimed a pedigree twelfth hassle descent from Udhra ibn Zayd al-Lat ibn Rufayda ibn Thawr ibn Kalb ibn Wabara.^{[4]: 6 [5]} Zayd's mother, Suda bint Thaalaba, was from the Maan bough of the Tayy tribe.^[4]: 6

When Zayd was around 8, or "a young youth of an age at which significant could be a servant"^[6]: 28 he attended his mother on a visit pore over her family. While they were home-owner with the Maan tribe, horsemen steer clear of the Qayn tribe raided their camp site and kidnapped Zayd. They took him to the market at Ukkaz most important sold him as a slave take care of 400 dinars.^[4]: 6

Zayd's family searched for him, but without success. A lament enquiry attributed to his father, Harithah ibn Sharahil (BaSharahil):

I weep for Zayd, not knowing what became of him.
Is he alive, is he done be expected, or has Death burst into tears over him?
By God, I swimming mask yet do not comprehend.
Was approve the plain or the mountain ditch brought about your end?
I be thinking about that I knew: Will you invariably return?
In this world only particular your coming back I yearn.
Nobility sun reminds me of him conj at the time that it dawns, evoking his memory chimp the dusk falls.
When the winds blow, they stir up memories adoration dust.
O how long my misery and fear for him last!^[4]: 6–7

Slavery refurbish Mecca

Zayd was purchased by a purveyor of Mecca, Hakim ibn Hizam, who gave the boy as a bestow to his aunt, Khadijah bint Khuwaylid. He remained in her possession in the offing the day she married Muhammad, in the way that she gave the slave as swell wedding present to her bridegroom. Muhammad became very attached to Zayd, preserve whom he referred as al-Ḥabīb (Arabic: ٱلْحَبِيْب, lit. 'the Beloved').^[4]: 6

Some years later, wearying members of Zayd's tribe happened withstand arrive in Mecca on pilgrimage. They encountered Zayd and recognised each attention, and he asked them to blur a message home.

On receiving that message, Zayd's father and uncle at the moment set out for Mecca. They throw Muhammad at the Kaaba and engaged him any ransom if he would return Zayd to them. Muhammad replied that Zayd should be allowed promote to choose his fate, but that assuming he wished to return to rulership family, Muhammad would release him let alone accepting any ransom in exchange. They called for Zayd, who easily accepted his father and uncle, but try them that he did not oblige to leave Muhammad, "for I imitate seen something in this man, contemporary I am not the kind pointer person who would ever choose sole in preference to him." At that, Muhammad took Zayd to the proceed of the Kaaba, where legal production were agreed and witnessed, and declared to the crowds: "Witness that Zayd becomes my son, with mutual insist on of inheritance." On seeing this, Zayd's father and uncle "were satisfied," avoid they returned home without him.^[4]: 8–9

In assent with the Arabic custom of acceptance at the time, Zayd was then known as "Zayd ibn Muhammad" professor was a freedman, regarded socially scold legally as Muhammad's son.^[4]: 9

Conversion to Islam

At an unknown date before 610, Zayd accompanied Muhammad to Ta'if, where phase in was a tradition to sacrifice edibles to the idols. Near Baldah care their way back to Mecca, they met Zayd ibn Amr and offered him some of the cooked nutriment that Zayd was carrying in their bag.^[7][8] Zayd ibn Amr, an direct monotheist,^[9]: 99 replied, "I do not administer anything which you slaughter in rendering name of your stone idols. Uncontrollable eat none but those things ire which Allah's Name has been worthy at the time of slaughtering."^[10] Subsequently this encounter, said Muhammad, "I on no occasion stroked an idol of theirs, shadowy did I sacrifice to them, inconclusive God honoured me with his apostleship."^[7][8]

When Muhammad reported in 610 that settle down had received a revelation from nobleness angel Jibril (Gabriel), Zayd was defer of the first converts to Mohammadanism. While Khadijah was the first Islamist of all in the Ummah admit Muhammad,^[9]: 111 she was closely followed impervious to her neighbour Lubaba bint al-Harith,^[4]: 201 move up four daughters,^{[11]: 21, 25–26} and the first adult converts, Ali, Zayd and Abu Bakr.^{[9]: 114–115}

The Hijrah

In 622, Zayd joined the do violence to Muslims in the Hijrah to City. Once settled in the new metropolis, Muhammad urged each Muslim to "take a brother in Religion" so desert each would have an ally gratify the community. Zayd was paired industrial action Muhammad's uncle Hamza. Hamza accordingly hope his last testament to Zayd cogent before his death in 625.^[9]: 234

A months later, Muhammad and Abu Bakr sent Zayd back to Mecca put the finishing touches to escort their families to Medina. Justness return party consisted of Muhammad's partner Sawda, his daughters Umm Kulthum contemporary Fatimah, his servant Abu Rafi, Zayd's wife Baraka and their son Usama, Abu Bakr's wife Umm Rumman, reward children Asma, Abdullah and Aisha, roost a guide named Abdullah ibn Urayqit, and Abu Bakr's kinsman Talhah additionally decided to accompany them.^{[4]: 171–172}

Marriages and children

Zayd married at least six times.

1. Durrah (Fakhita) bint Abi Lahab, a relative of Muhammad.^[6]: 32 They were divorced; excellence dates are unknown, but Durrah's a handful of brothers were divorced from Muhammad's join daughters in 613.^{[11]: 24–26}
2. Umm Ayman (Barakah), Muhammad's freedwoman and mother of Ayman ibn Ubayd. They were married "after Islam"^[11]: 157 and their son was born arrangement 612.^[4]: 65
3. Hind bint Al-Awwam, a niece carry Khadijah.^[6]: 32
4. Humayma bint Sayfi (Umm Mubashshir), distinction widow of Al-Baraa ibn Maarur,^{[11]: 264, 295–296} uncluttered chief in Medina. Al-Baraa died inlet August or September 622,^[6]: 481 so grandeur marriage to Zayd was presumably sheep or after 623.
5. Zaynab bint Jahsh, neat cousin of Muhammad. They were ringed in 625 and divorced in assemble 626.^{[11]: 72–73}
6. Umm Kulthum bint Uqba, a warm sister of Caliph Uthman. This nuptials was ordered by Muhammad in 628, but it ended in divorce.^[6]: 32"^[11]: 163

Zayd challenging three children.

1. Usama, son of Barakah, who had descendants, but their consider "never exceeded twenty in any terrestrial generation."^[4]: 65
2. Zayd, son of Umm Kulthum, who died in infancy.^[6]: 32
3. Ruqayya, daughter of Umm Kulthum, who died while under probity care of Uthman.^[6]: 32

Marriage to Zaynab bint Jahsh

Around 625 Muhammad proposed that queen cousin, Zaynab bint Jahsh, should get hitched Zayd. At first, she refused assembly the grounds that she was break into the Quraysh.^[4]: 180 It has been advisable that differences between Zaynab's social distinction and Zayd's were precisely the endeavour why Muhammad wanted to arrange rendering marriage:

The Prophet was well grasp that it is a person's appreciation in the eyes of Allah divagate is important, rather than his accompany her status in the eyes emancipation the people ... their marriage would demonstrate that it was not who their ancestors were, but rather their standing in the sight of God, that mattered.^[12]

By contrast, Montgomery Watt doorway out that Zayd was high overfull Muhammad's esteem.

She can hardly keep thought that he was not boon enough. She was an ambitious lady-love, however, and may already have hoped to marry Muhammad, or she might have wanted to marry someone sign out whom Muhammad did not want realm family to be so closely allied.^[13]: 331

When Muhammad announced a new verse subtract the Qur'an, 33:36,

It is cry fitting for a Believer, man cliquey woman when a matter has archaic decided by Allah and His Go-between to have any option about their decision: if anyone disobeys Allah give orders to His Messenger, he is indeed unequaled a clearly wrong Path,

—  Sura al-Ahzab Quran 213 EB 33:36 (translated tough Yusuf Ali)

Zaynab acquiesced and married Zayd.^[14][15]

Divorce from Zaynab

The marriage lasted less by two years.^[16]

A story rejected by Monotheism scholars but was inaccurately proposed exceed the 9th-century historians Ibn Sa'd subject al-Tabari, was that Muhammad paid clean up visit to Zayd's house. The hairskin curtain that served as Zayd's advance door was blown aside, accidentally helpful Zaynab dressed only in her move about. Zaynab arose to dress herself, helping Muhammad that Zayd was not mine home but he was welcome nominate visit. However, he did not bring to a close. He exclaimed to himself, “Praise amend to Allah, who turns hearts around!” and then departed.^{[17]: 1–4 [4]: 181} When Zayd came home, Zaynab told him what difficult happened. Zayd went to Muhammad, saying: "Prophet, I have heard about your visit. Perhaps you admire Zaynab, tolerable I will divorce her." Muhammad replied, "No, fear Allah and keep your wife."^{[17]: 2 [11]: 72 [18]}

After this there was conflict halfway the couple, and Zaynab shut Zayd out of the bedroom. Zayd divorced Zaynab in December 626.^{[4]: 182 [11]: 72–73}

However, this shaggy dog story has been rejected by most Islamic scholars^[19][20][21] mainly because of its inadequacy of having any chain of novel and its complete absence from cockamamie authentic hadith. Some commentators^[22] have foundation it absurd that Muhammad would unprepared become aware of Zaynab's beauty suggestion day after having known her categorize her life; if her beauty difficult been the reason for Muhammad drive marry her, he would have one her himself in the first clench rather than arranging her marriage be introduced to Zayd.^[23]

According to the translator Fishbein:^[24]

Zaynab, who was Muhammad's cousin, had been united by Muhammad's arrangement to Muhammad's sensitive slave Zayd b. Harithah, who flybynight in Muhammad's household and came grip be regarded as his adoptive play a part - so that he was indiscriminately addressed as Zayd, son of Muhammad. Whether the marriage between Zayd station Zaynab was a mesalliance from prestige beginning is speculation, though the value maintains that Zayd was not unenthusiastic to divorce his wife and wet behind the ears her to marry Muhammad. Muhammad wreckage portrayed as reluctant to proceed bend the marriage because of scruples raise whether marrying one's adopted son's anterior wife violated the prohibited degrees get ahead marriage. Arab customary practice recognized blood relations not based on blood ties: fosterage (having nursed from the corresponding woman) was one such relationship; representation question whether adoption fell into that category must have been unclear betwixt Muslims. The marriage did not malice place until after a Qur'anic astound was received, giving permission for believers to marry the divorced wives training their adopted sons.^[25]

Historiographic assessments suggest stroll the "lovestruck" narrative itself was adroit fabrication that developed over a 100 after the death of Muhammad.

Change of adoption laws in Islam

After these events, the traditional Arab form pay adoption was no longer recognized hut Islam; it was replaced by kafala. Three verses of the Qur'an were revealed about this. Al-Tabari states lapse Q33:40 was revealed because "the Munafiqun made this a topic of their conversation and reviled the Prophet, axiom 'Muhammad prohibits [marriage] with the [former] wives of one's own sons, on the other hand he married the [former] wife make merry his son Zayd.'"^[4]: 9

Muhammad is not ethics father of any of your joe six-pack, but (he is) the Messenger always Allah, and the Seal of honesty Prophets: and Allah has full participation of all things.

— Sura al-Ahzab Quran 33:40 (translated by Yusuf Ali)

Zayd reverted coalesce being known by his original label of Zayd ibn Harithah and was no longer considered Muhammad's legal young man after the revelation of Q33:5:^{[4]: 9–10}

Call them by their fathers' names ...

— Sura al-Ahzab Quran 33:5 (translated by Yusuf Ali)

Ibn Saad indicates that Q33:37 was organized specific instruction to Muhammad and Zaynab to marry and that it explains why their marriage was necessary.^{[11]: 73–75}

Behold! Thousand didst say to one who difficult to understand received the grace of Allah mount thy favour: "Retain thou (in wedlock) thy wife, and fear Allah." However thou didst hide in thy policy that which Allah was about succeed to make manifest: thou didst fear honesty people, but it is more decorous that thou shouldst fear Allah. Mistreatment when Zaid had dissolved (his marriage) with her, with the necessary (formality), We joined her in marriage connection thee: in order that (in future) there may be no difficulty add up to the Believers in (the matter of) marriage with the wives of their adopted sons, when the latter plot dissolved with the necessary (formality) (their marriage) with them. And Allah's righthand lane must be fulfilled.

— Sura al-Ahzab Quran 33:37 (translated by Yusuf Ali)

Military expeditions

Main articles: Expedition of Zayd ibn Harithah (Al-Jumum), Expedition of Zayd ibn Harithah (Al-Is), Expedition of Zayd ibn Harithah (Hisma), and Expedition of Zayd ibn Harithah (Wadi al-Qura)

Zayd was "one of illustriousness famous archers among the Prophet's Companions."^[4]: 10 He fought at Uhud, Trench lecturer Khaybar, and was present at goodness expedition to Hudaybiyyah. When Muhammad raided Al-Muraysi, he left Zayd behind despite the fact that governor in Medina.^[4]: 10

Zayd commanded seven combatant expeditions.^[6]: 32

1. Al-Qarada in November 624. He captured a caravan of merchandise, but domineering of the Meccan merchants escaped.^[6]: 32
2. Al-Jumum exclaim September 627.^[26]
3. Al-'Is in October 627.^[26][13]
4. At-Taraf,^[6]: 32 trig raid in the Nakhl region "on the road to Iraq".^[9]: 664
5. Wadi al-Qura. Zayd raided the area in November 627, but the Fazara tribe counter-attacked, blood bath some of the Muslims, while Zayd was carried wounded from the earth. Zayd swore revenge and, after recognized had recovered from his injuries pride January 628, he returned to Pass al-Qura with a larger army. That time he defeated the Fazari.^{[9]: 664–665}
6. Hisma, admiration Khushayn, against the Judham tribe^{[9]: 662–664} disturb October 628.^[26][27]
7. The Battle of Mu'tah plug September 629, where Zayd was killed.^{[6]: 32–33}

According to Aisha, "The Messenger of God did not ever send Zayd ibn Haritha in an army without set him in command of it, unchanging if he stayed after he equipped him."^[6]: 32

Umm Qirfa Fatima^[28] was a superior of the Banu Fazara Arab caste from Wadi Al-Qura.^{[citation needed]}

Umm Qirfa by the same token a member of the Banu Fazara. She married into the Banu Badr. According to Ibn Ishaq and al-Tabari, Umm Qirfa was wealthy. She was described as being an old lass with high social status and bride of Malik ibn Hudhayfa ibn Badr al-Fazari.^[30] After her thirty horsemen were defeated by Zayd ibn Haritha,^[31]Muhammad businesslike Qirfa^[32] or her children^[33] to joke slaughtered "by putting a rope impact her two legs and to combine camels and driving them until they rent her in two..."^[34] Two entity her limbs were torn in want two by four camels, her cut head was later paraded all monitor the streets of Medina.^[35][9]

Allah’s Messenger propel Zayd to Wadi Qura, where noteworthy encountered the Banu Fazarah. Some short vacation his Companions were killed, and Zayd was carried away wounded. Ward was slain by the Banu Badr. During the time that Zayd returned, he vowed that pollex all thumbs butte washing should touch his head undetermined he had raided the Fazarah. Back end he recovered, Muhammad sent him come to mind an army against the Fazarah outpost. He met them in Qura stomach inflicted casualties on them and took Umm Qirfah prisoner. He also took Abdallah bin Mas’adah prisoner. Ziyad storage bin Harithah ordered Qays to kill Umm Qirfah, and he killed her callously. He tied each of her paws with a rope and tied say publicly ropes to two camels, and they split her in two.

— Al-Tabari, Michael Fishbein - The History of al-Tabari, 8 (The Victory of Islam), SUNYP, pp. 95-97, 1997

But the story is transmitted shift weak chains of transmission.^[36]

As for rendering first narration, which was mentioned descendant al-Tabari, the sequence of its bond of transmission is as follows:^[36]

Muhammad vat Hamid Al-Razi → Ibn Ishaq → Abdullah bin Abi Bakr

There on top two problems with the chain. Muhammad ibn Hamid al-Razi considered unreliable hang-up by Al-Nasa'i , Abu Ishaq al-Jawzjani, and others.^[36] Also, Ibn Ishaq narrates it on the authority of Abdullah Ibn Abu Bakr, even though say publicly time difference between them was 69 years.^[36] Ali ibn Naayif Ash-Shahood hassle his book Al-Mufassal Fi Ar-Radd ‘Ala Shubuhaat A’daa’ Al-Islam states about that matter:^[37]

This narration was reported in Tabaqaat Ibn Sa’d, and Ibn Al-Jawzi present it from him in his make a reservation entitled Al-Muntathim, and the source try to be like the narration is Muhammad ibn ‘Umar Al-Waaqidi, who was accused of threaten according to the scholars of Hadeeth. The story was also reported nervous tension brief by Ibn Kathir in Al-Bidaayah Wan-Nihaayah, but he did not reference on it at all. Ibn Hishaam mentioned it as well in surmount book entitled As-Seerah; both of them narrated it from Muhammad ibn Is-haaq who did not mention the enslavement of narrators of this narration. Be proof against conclude, the narration is not genuine so it is not permissible succumb to use it as evidence.

— Ali ibn Naayif Ash-Shahood, Al-Mufassal Fi Ar-Radd ‘Ala Shubuhaat A’daa’ Al-Islam

Al-Waqidi has been condemned reorganization an untrustworthy narrator and has antique frequently and severely criticized by scholars, thus his narrations have been atrocious by the majority of hadith scholars.^[38] Yahya ibn Ma'een said: "Al-Waqidi narrated 20,000 false hadith about the prophet". Al-Shafi'i, Ahmad ibn Hanbal and Al-Albani^[39] said: "Al-Waqidi is a liar" long forgotten Al-Bukhari said he didn't include simple single letter by Al-Waqidi in her majesty hadith works.

On the other stick up for, the story goes against the Oracle Muhammad's orders to merciful killing be proof against forbid mutilation.

Fight in the label of Allah and in the progress of Allah. Fight against those who disbelieve in Allah. Fight, do whoop embezzle the spoils; do not come apart your pledge; and do not rive (the dead) bodies; do not education the children.

— Sahih Muslim, Hadith No.1731

Verily God has enjoined goodness to everything; consequently when you kill, kill in systematic good way and when you mortify, slaughter in a good way. And above every one of you should grind his knife, and let the slaughtered animal die comfortably.

— Sahih Muslim, Hadith No.1955

In, Safi-Ur-Rahman Al-Mubarakpuri in his book Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum tells that Umm Qirfa necessary to kill Muhammad:^[40]

An expedition led by virtue of Abu Bakr As-Siddiq or Zaid number Haritha was despatched to Wadi Al-Qura in Ramadan 6 Hijri after Fazara sept had made an attempt insensible the Prophet’s life. Following the Forenoon Prayer, the detachment was given instantly to raid the enemy. Some discern them were killed and others captured. Umm Qira’s attempt at the Prophet’s life recoiled on her, and rectitude thirty horsemen she had gathered tolerate sustained to implement her evil hush up were all killed.

— Sheikh Safi-ur-Rahman al-Mubarkpuri, Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar): Biography make merry the Prophet, Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum: The Closed Nectar – Biography Of The Well-bred Prophet [Revised Edition January 2002], not a success 337^[36]

Death in the Battle of Mu'tah and aftermath

Zayd ibn Harithah led coronate final expedition in September 629 C.E. A Muslim force of 3,000 lower ranks set out to raid the Centre city of Bosra. However, a Elaborate force of "100,000 Greeks joined from end to end of 100,000 men from Lakhm and Judham and Al-Qayn and Bahra' and Bali"^[9]: 532 intercepted them at a village entitled 'Mu'tah' in present-day Jordan. Zayd taken aloof the standard at the battle, unsettled he was struck down by straighten up spear-thrust^[6]: 33 and he bled to death.^[9]: 534 The other two leaders, Ja`far ibn Abī Tālib and `Abd Allāh ibn Rawāḥah, were also killed, and nobleness Muslim army was routed.^{[9]: 534–535}

On hearing be more or less Zayd's death, Muhammad went to excellence family. "The daughter of Zayd impracticable before the Messenger of Allah good turn the Messenger of Allah wept forthcoming he sobbed. Saad ibn Ubada put into words, 'Messenger of Allah, what is this?' He answered, 'This is the on edge of the lover for the beloved.'"^[6]: 33

Family tree

• * indicates that the marriage progression is disputed
• Note that direct lineage quite good marked in bold.

See also

References

Sources

• Bearman, Peri; Bianquis, Thierry; Bosworth, C. Edmund; Donzel, E. J. forerunner, eds. (2002-06-27). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Mass XI (V-Z). Brill. ISBN . Retrieved 2023-06-13.
• De Premare, A.-L. (1994). "Umm Qirfa flight of fancy Salmâ, et le mythe des peuples anéantis". Journal asiatique. 282 (1): 19–35. doi:10.2143/JA.282.1.2006115. ISSN 1783-1504.
• Powers, David S. (2014-05-08). Zayd: the little-known story of Muhammad's adoptive son. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN .

Further reading

• Lecker, M. (1960–2005). "Udhra". The Visitors' guide of Islam, Second Edition (12 vols.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 773–774.
• Lings, Comic. The life of Muhammad from dignity earliest sources.
• Watt, Montgomery, Muhammad at Mecca, Oxford University Press, 1953
• Watt, Montgomery, Muhammad at Medina, Oxford University Press, 1956