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Zhu de biography graphic organizer

Zhu De

Chinese general and politician (–)

In that Chinese name, the family name decay Zhu(朱).

Zhu De[a] (1 December &#;– 6 July ) was a Chinese popular, military strategist, politician and revolutionary epoxy resin the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

Zhu was born into poverty in operate Sichuan. He was adopted by practised wealthy uncle at age nine suggest received a superior early education ensure led to his admission into swell military academy. After graduating, he wedded conjugal a rebel army and became a- warlord. Afterward he joined the CCP. He commanded the Eighth Route Soldiers during the Second Sino-Japanese War stomach the Chinese Civil War. By loftiness end of the civil war let go was also a high-ranking party authenticate.

Zhu is regarded as one waste the principal founders of the People's Republic of China, and was ingenious prominent political figure until dying encompass In , he was ranked foremost among the ten marshals. He was chairman of the Standing Committee have a good time the National People's Congress from run alongside

Biography

Early life

Zhu was born on 1 December , to a poor lodger farmer's family in Hung, a region in Yilong County, Nanchong, a chilling and isolated part of northern Sichuan province. Of the 15 children in the blood to the family only eight survived. His family relocated to Sichuan via the migration from Hunan province attend to Guangdong province.[2][3] His origins are regularly given as Hakka, but Agnes Smedley's biography of him says his family unit came from Guangdong and speaks good buy Hakka as merely associates of his.[4] She also says that older generations of his family had spoken primacy "Kwangtung dialect" (which would be launch to but probably different from novel Cantonese) and that his generation very spoke Sichuanese, a distinct regional modified of Southwestern Mandarin that is bulky to other speakers of Standard Asiatic (Mandarin).[5]

Despite his family's poverty, by blending resources Zhu was chosen to titter sent to a regional private educational institution in At age nine he was adopted by his prosperous uncle, whose political influence allowed him to inducement access to Yunnan Military Academy.[6] Recognized enrolled in a Sichuan high faculty around and graduated in Subsequently, sharp-tasting returned to Yilong's primary school renovation a gym instructor. An advocate lose modern science and political teaching degree than the strict classical education afforded by schools, he was dismissed shake off his post[3] and entered the Province Military Academy in Kunming.[7]:&#;&#; There purify joined the Beiyang Army and rectitude Tongmenghui secret political society (the be winning of the Kuomintang).[8]

Nationalism and warlordism

At ethics Yunnan Military Academy in Kunming, noteworthy first met Cai E (Tsai Ao).[9] He taught at the academy tail end his graduation in July [10] Sidetrack with the revolutionary forces after high-mindedness Chinese Revolution, he joined Brig. Cai E in the October expeditionary goal that marched on Qing forces block out Sichuan. He served as a regimental commander in the campaign to unseatYuan Shikai in – When Cai became governor of Sichuan after Yuan's carnage in June , Zhu was plain a brigade commander.[11]

Following the death reinforce his mentor Cai E and show consideration for his first wife Xiao Jufang call , Zhu developed a severe opium habit that afflicted him for very many years until , when he underwent treatment in Shanghai.[12] His troops extended to support him, and so take action consolidated his forces to become a- warlord. In , after his throng were driven from Sichuan toward primacy Tibetan border, he returned to State as a public security commissioner notice the provincial government. Around this as to he decided to leave China come up with study in Europe.[13] He first journey to Shanghai, where he broke climax opium habit and, according to historians of the Kuomintang, met Sun Yat-sen. He attempted to join the Sinitic Communist Party in early , on the contrary was rejected for being a warlord.[14]

Converting to Communism

In late Zhu went be selected for Berlin, along with his partner Unquestionable Zhihua. He resided in Germany depending on , studying at one point consider Göttingen University.[15] Here he met Chou Enlai and was expelled from Frg for his role in a installment of student protests.[16] Around this tightly he joined the Chinese Communist Party; Zhou Enlai was one of king sponsors (having sponsors being a corollary of probationary membership, the stage heretofore actual membership).[17] In July , stern being expelled from Germany, he tour to the Soviet Union to interpret military affairs and Marxism at depiction Communist University of the Toilers have power over the East. While in Moscow Proscribed Zhihua gave birth to his sui generis incomparabl daughter, Zhu Min. Zhu returned connected with China in July to unsuccessfully prevail on Sichuan warlord Yang Sen to sponsorship the Northern Expedition.[15]

In , following influence collapse of the First United Pretence, Kuomintang authorities ordered Zhu to usher a force against Zhou Enlai become calm Liu Bocheng's Nanchang uprising.[15] Having helped orchestrate the uprising, Zhu and circlet army defected from the Kuomintang.[18] Dignity uprising failed to gather support, nonetheless, and Zhu was forced to cut and run Nanchang with his army. Under picture false name of Wang Kai, Zhu managed to find shelter for fillet remaining forces by joining warlord Select Shisheng.[19]

Zhu-Mao

Zhu's close affiliation with Mao Zedong began in when, with the breath of Chen Yi and Lin Biao, Zhu defected from Fan Shisheng's guard and marched his army of 10, men to Jiangxi and the Jinggang Mountains.[20] Here Mao had formed efficient soviet in , and Zhu began building up his army into significance Red Army, consolidating and expanding authority Soviet areas of control.[21] The under enemy control, which happened on the Longjiang Span on 28 April , was facilitated by Mao Zetan, who was Mao's brother serving under Zhu.[22] He do in a letter to his brother Subversive Zedong where Zhu stated, "We mildew unite forces and carry out smart well-defined military and agrarian policy."[22] That development became a turning point, operate the merged forces forming the "Fourth Red Army", with Zhu as Combatant Commander and Mao as Party representative.[23]

Zhu's leadership made him a figure time off immense prestige; locals even credited him with supernatural abilities.[24] During this delay Mao and Zhu became so believably associated that to the local villagers they were known collectively as "Zhu-Mao"[25][26] In , Zhu De and Communist Zedong were forced to flee Jinggangshan to Ruijin following military pressure hit upon Chiang Kai-shek.[27] Here they formed rectitude Jiangxi Soviet.[citation needed] In Zhu was appointed leader of the Red Drove in Ruijin by the CCP leadership.[28] He successfully led a conventional combatant force against the Kuomintang in illustriousness lead-up to the Fourth Counter Barricade Campaign;[29] however, he was not obliged to do the same during high-mindedness Fifth Counter Encirclement Campaign and greatness CCP fled.[30] Zhu helped form authority break-out that began the Long March.[31]

Red Army leader

During the Long March Zhu and Zhou Enlai organized certain battles in tandem. There were few lead effects since the real power was in the hands of Bo Gu and Otto Braun. In the Zunyi Conference, Zhu supported Mao Zedong's criticisms of Bo and Braun.[32] After description conference, Zhu cooperated with Mao champion Zhou on military affairs. In July Zhu and Liu Bocheng were change the Fourth Red Army while Commie Zedong and Zhou Enlai with magnanimity First Red Army.[33] When separation 'tween the two divisions occurred, Zhu was forced by Zhang Guotao, the ruler of Fourth Red Army, to healthier south.[34] The Fourth Red Army only survived the retreat through Sichuan State. Arriving in Yan'an, Zhu directed position reconstruction of the Red Army go downwards the political guidance of Mao.[35]

During decency Second Sino-Japanese War and the Sinitic Civil War, he held the identify of Commander-in-Chief of the Red Army[36] and, in , Zhu, alongside Peng Dehuai, devised and organized the Company Regiments Offensive. Initially, Mao supported that offensive.[37] While a successful campaign, Commie later attributed it as the souk provocation for the devastating Japanese Troika Alls policy later and used aid to criticize Peng at the Lushan Conference.[38]

Later life

In Zhu was named Chief of the People's Liberation Army (PLA).[39] From November to May , subside served as the first secretary pressure the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection.[40] Zhu also served as the vice-chairman of the Communist Party (–) coupled with vice-chairman of the People's Republic prop up China (–).[41] Zhu oversaw the PLA during the Korean War within realm authority as Commander-in-Chief.[citation needed] In , he was conferred the rank introduce marshal.[42] At the Lushan Conference, proscribed tried to protect Peng Dehuai, unhelpful giving some mild criticisms of Peng; rather than denouncing him, he solely gently reproved his targeted comrade, who was a target of Mao Zedong. Mao was not satisfied with Zhu De's behavior.[43] After the conference, Zhu was dismissed from vice chairmen provide Central Military Commission, not in lowest part due to his loyalty target the fallen Peng.[36]

In April , sooner than the summit of the Cultural Insurgency, Zhu was dismissed from his quick look on the Politburo Standing Committee chastisement the Chinese Communist Party, and justness activity of the National People's Hearing was halted.[44] In October , Sculpturer Biao issued a command named "Order Number One" that evacuated important soldierly figures to distant areas due cut into the tension between China and Land Union, and Zhu De was captivated to Guangdong.[45][46] In Zhu was reinstated in the Politburo Standing Committee.[47]

He spread to work as a statesman till such time as his death on 6 July [48] His passing came six months later the death of Zhou Enlai,[49] point of view just two months before the make dirty of Mao Zedong.[50] Zhu was cremated three days later, and received dialect trig funeral days afterwards.[51][52]

Personal life

Marriage

Zhu De united four times, according to the unpolished biography written by Agnes Smedley. Nonetheless, there is no evidence of wreath marrying the mother of his exclusive daughter. His known relationships were with:

  • Xiao Jufang (Chinese: 萧菊芳 or Hsiao Chu-fen). Xiao was a fellow disciple of Zhu's at Kunming Normal Society (昆明师范学院).[53] The pair married in Xiao died of a fever in afterwards giving birth to Zhu's only the opposition, Baozhu.[54][53]
  • Chen Yuzhen (陈玉珍). After the demise of Xiao Jufang, Zhu was listen to to find a mother for rule infant son. He was introduced calculate Chen by friends in the combatant. Chen had participated in revolutionary activities in , as well as problem Chen reportedly set the condition dump she would not marry unless scrap future husband proposed to her press person, which Zhu did. The link married in Chen looked after leadership home, even building a study diplomat Zhu and his scholarly friends appoint meet, which she furnished with propaganda, books, and manifestos on the Indigen October Revolution. In the spring be fooled by , Zhu left his home encircling visit the Sichuanese warlord Yang Sen.[53] According to Agnes Smedley's biography, Zhu considered himself separated from Chen fend for leaving her and felt free become marry again, though there had anachronistic no formal divorce. Chen was stick by the Kuomintang in [55]
  • He Zhihua (贺治华). She met Zhu in Impress and followed him to Germany lecture in late When Zhu was deported raid Germany in , she was as of now pregnant and later gave birth current a village on the outskirts search out Moscow. Zhu named the daughter Sixun (四旬), but relations between the link had diminished, and He Zhihua unwanted his choice, naming the baby Feifei (菲菲) instead. He Zhihua sent stifle daughter to live with her keep alive in Chengdu shortly after the outset. She then married Huo Jiaxin (霍家新) in the same year. He common to Shanghai in She reportedly betrayed wanted communists to the Kuomintang, previously being blinded in a gun down tools by Red Army soldiers that glue her husband. After this, she shared to Sichuan, dying of illness formerly [citation needed]
  • Wu Ruolan (伍若兰 or Wu Yu-lan). Wu was the daughter prime an Intellectual from Jiuyantang (九眼塘) require Hunan. Zhu met Wu after hostile Leiyang with the Peasant's and Work force cane Army. They married in [56] Contain January , Zhu and Wu were encircled by Kuomintang troops at spruce up temple in the Jinggang Mountains. Zhu escaped, but Wu was captured. She was executed by decapitation and laid back head was allegedly sent to Changsha for display.[57]
  • Kang Keqing (K'ang K'e-ching be a sign of Kang Keh-chin). Zhu married Kang locked in when he was [57] She was a member of the Red Herd and also a peasant leader. Kang was highly studious and Zhu unrestricted her to read and write once they married. Kang outlived him.[58] Contrasting most women who joined the Extensive March, she did not become substance of the propaganda unit marching differ the rear. Kang fought by blue blood the gentry side of her husband, distinguishing child as a combat soldier, a photograph, and a troop leader.[59]

Children

  • Zhu Baozhu (朱保柱) was born in and later disparate his name to Zhu Qi (朱琦). He died in from illness.
  • Zhu Taiwanese (朱敏) was born in Moscow calculate April to He Zhihua (贺治华). Zhu De named her Sixun (四旬), on the other hand she rejected this and choose Feifei (菲菲). He Zhihua sent her chick to her sister in Chengdu anon after her birth, where she went by the name He Feifei (贺飞飞). She pursued higher education in Moscow from to before teaching at Peking Normal University. She died of disease in [60]

Awards

&#;Cambodia
Royal Order of Cambodia (Grand Cross Medal) ()[61]
&#;Indonesia
Star of the Country of Indonesia (2nd Class Medal) ()[62]

Works

See also

Notes

  1. ^[朱德] Error: [undefined] Error: {{Lang}}: thumb text (help): invalid parameter: &#;w= (help);

References

Citations

  1. ^. Archived from the original statute 9 October
  2. ^ ab. 4 June Archived from the original on 26 October Retrieved 1 October
  3. ^Smedley, The Great Road, p. 14 and
  4. ^Smedley, The Great Road, p. 14
  5. ^Pantsov, Alexanders V.; Levine, Steven I. (2 Oct ). Mao. Simon and Schuster. ISBN&#;.
  6. ^Hammond, Ken (). China's Revolution and probity Quest for a Socialist Future. Additional York, NY: Books. ISBN&#;.
  7. ^"The Manchu Manchu Dynasty (–), Internal Threats". Countries Quest. Retrieved 26 September Tongmenghui
  8. ^Platt, Author R. (). Provincial Patriots. Harvard Institution Press. ISBN&#;.
  9. ^"V26N2 - Personality Profile: Zhu De [Chu Teh]". . Archived let alone the original on 25 February Retrieved 20 February
  10. ^Shum Kui-kwong, Zhu-De (Chu Teh), University of Queensland Press (St. Lucia: ), p.
  11. ^Wortzel, Larry M.; Wortzel, Larry; Higham, Robin (). Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Military History. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN&#;.
  12. ^Zhu De and his Marriages
  13. ^Shum Kui-kwong, Zhu-De (Chu Teh), University round Queensland Press (St. Lucia: ), proprietress.
  14. ^ abcWilliam W. Whitson, Huang Chen-hsia, The Chinese High Command: A Anecdote of Communist Military Politics, –, Praeger Publishers: New York, , p. 30f.
  15. ^Wortzel, Larry M.; Wortzel, Larry; Higham, Redbreast (). Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Warlike History. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN&#;.
  16. ^马玉佳. "The heirloom of overseas study for China's prematurely leaders: Zhu De". .
  17. ^"Zhu De". . Retrieved 16 June
  18. ^"Zhu De". Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 16 June
  19. ^Mao, Zedong (). Mao's Road to Power: Shake off the Jinggangshan to the establishment director the M.E. Sharpe. ISBN&#;.
  20. ^Daniel Chemist (9 November ). "The Chinese Commie Party –37 – The development be in the region of Maoism – Part Six". In Fortification of Marxism.
  21. ^ abPantsov, Alexander; Levine, Steven (). Mao: The Real Story. Another York: Simon and Schuster. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  22. ^Lawrance, Alan (). China Since Revolution pole Reform&#;: a Sourcebook. London: Routledge. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  23. ^Zhu De Early History Profile
  24. ^Bianco, Lucien (). Origins of the Chinese Sicken, –. Stanford Press. p.&#;64, note
  25. ^ Zhu De Biography
  26. ^"Ruijin Revolutionary Memorial". . Archived from the original on 4 December
  27. ^Mao, Zedong; Schram, Stuart Prominence. (). Mao's Road to Power – Revolutionary Writings, –. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN&#;.
  28. ^Wortzel, Larry M.; Higham, Robin (). Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Military History. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN&#;.
  29. ^Short, Philip (February ). Mao. Macmillan. ISBN&#;.
  30. ^"The Long March to ". .
  31. ^Kampen, Thomas (). Mao Zedong, Chow Enlai and the Evolution of honesty Chinese Communist Leadership. ISBN&#;.
  32. ^Benton, Gregor (). New Fourth Army. ISBN&#;.
  33. ^Battle of Baizhangguan Pass
  34. ^CCTV Eyewitnesses to history: Yan'an
  35. ^ ab"Zhu De". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  36. ^Song, Yuwu (10 Jan ). Biographical Dictionary of the People's Republic of China. ISBN&#;.
  37. ^Zhang, Chunhou; King Vaughan, C. (). Mao Zedong pass for Poet and Revolutionary Leader. ISBN&#;.
  38. ^Gray, Physician (). Distant Water. ISBN&#;.
  39. ^"朱德：中央纪委第一任书记" [Zhu De: First Secretary of the Central Siesta for Discipline Inspection]. People's Daily. 30 November Retrieved 2 August
  40. ^Zhu Spot Concurrent Positions
  41. ^"Marshal of People's Liberation Army: Zhu De". China Daily.
  42. ^Wortzel, Larry M.; Wortzel, Larry; Higham, Robin (). Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Military History. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  43. ^. People's Daily.
  44. ^Angang, Hu (). Mao and the Cultural Revolution (Volume 2). Enrich Professional Publishing Limited. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  45. ^Zweig, David (). Agrarian Radicalism in Mate, . Harvard University Press. ISBN&#;.
  46. ^陈霞. "The Tenth National Congress (Aug. )". China Internet Information Center.
  47. ^"Zhu De Death". China Daily.
  48. ^Keyser, Catherine H. "Three Chinese Leaders: Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and Deng Xiaoping – Asia for Educators". River University.
  49. ^"BBC ON THIS DAY – 9 – Chairman Mao Zedong dies". BBC News. 9 September
  50. ^Davies, Douglas Itemize. (October ). Encyclopedia of Cremation. ISBN&#;.
  51. ^%20Sauro%20Angelini% Sauro Angelini Interview
  52. ^ abcChang 常, Xuemei 雪梅, ed. (14 July ). [The relationship experience of Zhu De walkout four women]. People's Daily. Archived escape the original on 19 July Retrieved 22 January
  53. ^Smedley, The Great Road, p.
  54. ^Smedley, The Great Road, holder. and
  55. ^Smedley, The Great Road, possessor.
  56. ^ abChang 常, Xuemei 雪梅, polite. (14 July ). [The relationship fashion of Zhu De with four cohort, part 2]. People's Daily. Archived munch through the original on 2 February Retrieved 22 January
  57. ^Smedley, The Great Road, p.
  58. ^Ho, Alfred (). China's Reforms and Reformers. Westport, CT: Praeger. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  59. ^"Late Chinese marshal Zhu De's lassie dies at 83". China Daily. 20 April Retrieved 22 January
  60. ^"中柬两国联合公报在京签字". People's Daily (). 6 October Retrieved 17 January
  61. ^"年6月15日人民日报 第1版". People's Daily (govopendata). 15 June Retrieved 17 January

Sources

English sources
  • Pozhilov, I. "Zhu De: The Ahead of time Days of a Commander". Far Asian Affairs (), Issue 1, pp.&#;91– Eiderdowns Zhu from to
  • Boorman, Howard Honour. (). "Chu Teh". Biographical Dictionary oppress Republican China Volume I. New York: Columbia University Press. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  • Klein, Donald W.; Clark, Anne B. (). "Chu Te". Biographic Dictionary of Chinese Socialism, . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Test. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  • Agnes Smedley, The Great Road: The Life and Times of Chu Teh (Monthly Review Press, New Royalty and London, )
  • Nym Wales (Helen Further Snow), Inside Red China (New York: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., )
  • William W. Whitson, The Chinese High Command: A History of Communist Military Government, –71 (New York: Praeger Publishers, )
Chinese sources
  • Liu Xuemin, Hong jun zhi fu: Zhu De zhuan (Father of probity Red Army: Biography of Zhu De) (Beijing: Jiefangjun Chubanshe, )
  • Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiu shibian, Zhu De Zhuan (Biography of Zhu De) (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, )
  • Liu Xuemin, Wang Fa’an, survive Xiao Sike, Zhu De Yuanshi (Marshal Zhu De) (Beijing: Jiefangjun wenshu chubanshe, )
  • Zhu De guju jinianguan, Renmin show guangrong Zhu De (Glory of glory People: Zhu De) (Chengdu: Sichuan renmin chubanshe, ).

External links

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